Reducing background effects in orchards through spectral vegetation index correction     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2015

Satellite remote sensing provides an alternative to time-consuming and labor intensive in situ measurements of biophysical variables in agricultural crops required for precision agriculture applications. In orchards, however, the spatial resolution causes mixtures of canopies and background (i.e. soil, grass and shadow), hampering the estimation of these biophysical variables. Furthermore, variable background mixtures obstruct meaningful comparisons between different orchard blocks, rows or within each row. Current correction methodologies use spectral differences between canopies and background, but struggle with a vegetated orchard floor. This background influence and the lack of a generic solution are addressed in this study.Firstly, the problem was demonstrated in a controlled environment for vegetation indices sensitive to chlorophyll content, water content and leaf area index. Afterwards, traditional background correction methods (i.e. soil-adjusted vegetation indices and signal unmixing) were compared to the proposed vegetation index correction. This correction was based on the mixing degree of each pixel (i.e. tree cover fraction) to rescale the vegetation indices accordingly and was applied to synthetic and WorldView-2 satellite imagery. Through the correction, the effect of background admixture for vegetation indices was reduced, and the estimation of biophysical variables was improved (ΔR² = 0.2–0.31).  相似文献   

结合引力场理论的道路自动选取方法     

韩远  王中辉  徐智邦  余贝贝 《测绘科学》2021,46(1):189-195

针对复杂网络模型被广泛应用于道路选取的研究中,少有方法顾及道路网对偶图中多级邻居节点的影响,导致对道路的重要性评价缺乏准确性和可靠性的问题。该文将道路网对偶图节点的结构特征值视作质量,将节点间的最短距离视作距离,结合引力场方程实现道路自动选取,较好地将道路网对偶图中多级邻居节点的影响纳入到道路重要性的计算中,从而实现对道路重要性的准确评估。通过对兰州市城关区的路网进行实验,结果表明本文方法所选取的路网较好地保持了原始道路网的整体结构、覆盖范围、密度分布、拓扑特征和连通性。  相似文献   

How preferential flow delivers pre‐event groundwater rapidly to streams     

Stephen R.H. Worthington 《水文研究》2019,33(17):2373-2380

Groundwater often accounts for a substantial fraction of flood hydrographs, but the processes responsible for this have been unclear. However, many aquifers have preferential flow and this explains how aquifers can be so responsive. In bedrock aquifers, weathering enhances the connectivity and apertures along the most efficient flow paths and hence enhances the permeability. This results in celerities and velocities of the preferential flow in these dual‐porosity aquifers that are two to three orders of magnitude higher than if the aquifers behaved as single‐porosity media. The celerities have been determined from artificial and natural flood pulses, from tidal lags, and from pumping tests. Preferential‐flow velocities have been calculated from tests using applied tracers. Celerities in bedrock aquifers are typically one to two orders of magnitude faster than velocities. The ubiquitous preferential flow in aquifers provides an additional explanation, besides groundwater ridging, for the rapid release of groundwater to streams during storm events.  相似文献   

Numerical and theoretical research on stress distribution in the loosening zone of the trapdoor problem     

Luju Liang  Changjie Xu 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2019,43(7):1426-1447

The traditional theory of soil arching effect was developed on the assumption that stress distribution in the loosening zone is uniform. However, because of the deflection of principal stress' direction, the stress distribution in the loosening zone is actually ununiform. For the evaluation of principal stress axis deflection and stress redistribution, a discrete element method numerical model of trapdoor problem is established for the simulation of soil arching effect. Based on the numerical results, an arc shape of major principal stress trajectory and uniform horizontal stress distribution at the same depth of the loosening zone are adopted. An analytical model is raised to estimate the average loosening earth pressure acting on the trapdoor and stress distribution in the loosening zone at a limit state. In addition, comparison studies are carried out between the predictions of the proposed solutions and discrete element method numerical results as well as available model test results, thereby validating the accuracy of the proposed theoretical model. Both numerical and theoretical results indicate that the vertical stress distribution in the loosening zone is obviously ununiform. The load acting in the middle of loosening zone is transferred toward two sides so that the vertical stress distribution in loosening zone is concave.  相似文献   

基于共轭梯度搜索的病态问题处理方法     

刘杰  张娟娟 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(8):863-868

在最小二乘平差准则基础上，把病态平差问题转化为无约束的二次规划问题，并利用优化理论分析病态对平差解的影响。通过共轭梯度搜索算法在可行域中寻找最优步长因子，自动寻找最速下降方向，并给出迭代初值的设置方法。分析近似计算中病态问题与局部最优解的关系，讨论局部最优解的快速迭代方法，并通过实例验证算法的有效性，计算迭代的速度。由于整个过程没有对法方程系数矩阵进行求逆计算，该算法可用于处理大规模系数矩阵高病态的平差问题。  相似文献   

Three‐term inversion of prestack seismic data using a weighted l2, 1 mixed norm          下载免费PDF全文

Daniel O. Pérez  Danilo R. Velis  Mauricio D. Sacchi 《Geophysical Prospecting》2017,65(6):1477-1495

We present a new inversion method to estimate, from prestack seismic data, blocky P‐ and S‐wave velocity and density images and the associated sparse reflectivity levels. The method uses the three‐term Aki and Richards approximation to linearise the seismic inversion problem. To this end, we adopt a weighted mixed l_{2, 1}‐norm that promotes structured forms of sparsity, thus leading to blocky solutions in time. In addition, our algorithm incorporates a covariance or scale matrix to simultaneously constrain P‐ and S‐wave velocities and density. This a priori information is obtained by nearby well‐log data. We also include a term containing a low‐frequency background model. The l_{2, 1} mixed norm leads to a convex objective function that can be minimised using proximal algorithms. In particular, we use the fast iterative shrinkage‐thresholding algorithm. A key advantage of this algorithm is that it only requires matrix–vector multiplications and no direct matrix inversion. The latter makes our algorithm numerically stable, easy to apply, and economical in terms of computational cost. Tests on synthetic and field data show that the proposed method, contrarily to conventional l₂‐ or l₁‐norm regularised solutions, is able to provide consistent blocky and/or sparse estimators of P‐ and S‐wave velocities and density from a noisy and limited number of observations.  相似文献   

浅析动画效果地图的公开表示     

周昕薇  狄琳  白敬辉  刘杰  刘晓辉 《测绘通报》2020,(2):118-120

公开地图的表示关乎国家安全、领土完整、民族尊严，具有严肃的政治性、严密的科学性和严格的法定性。动画效果地图是大众喜闻乐见而又十分有效的信息传播载体。但在公开表示方面存在盲区，是"问题地图"的高发区，可能造成严重的不良影响。本文总结了动画效果地图的常见类型、高发问题及成因，提出了动画效果地图表示方法建议，明确了地图底图和动画效果都要符合公开地图表示有关要求，对动画效果地图的制作和公开使用具有一定的指导性和启发性。  相似文献   

基于Seislet-TV双正则化约束的地震随机噪声压制方法          下载免费PDF全文

张鹏  刘洋  刘鑫明  刘财  张亮 《地球物理学报》2020,63(5):2056-2068

人工地震数据总是受到随机噪声的干扰,地震数据时-空变的特性使得常规去噪方法处理效果并不理想,容易导致有效信号的损失.目前广泛应用的预测滤波类方法存在处理时变数据能力不足的问题.随着压缩感知理论的不断完善,稀疏变换阈值算法能够解决时变地震数据噪声压制问题,但是常规的稀疏变换方法,如傅里叶变换,小波变换等,并不是特殊针对地震数据设计的,很难提供地震数据最佳的压缩特征,同时,常规阈值算法容易导致去噪结果过于平滑.因此开发更加有效的时-空变地震数据信噪分离方法具有重要的工业价值.本文将地震数据信噪分离问题归纳为数学基追踪问题,在压缩感知理论框架下,利用特殊针对地震数据设计的VD-seislet稀疏变换方法,结合全变差(TV)算法,构建seislet-TV双正则化条件,并利用分裂Bregman迭代算法求解约束最优化问题,实现地震数据的有效信噪分离.通过理论模型和实际数据测试本文方法,并且与工业标准FXdecon方法进行比较,结果表明基于seislet-TV双正则化约束条件的迭代方法能够更加有效地保护时-空变地震信号,压制地震数据中的强随机噪声.  相似文献   

Numerical evaluation of soft inter‐slab joint in concrete‐faced rockfill dam with dual mortar finite element method          下载免费PDF全文

Mozhen Zhou  Bingyin Zhang  Chong Peng 《国际地质力学数值与分析法杂志》2018,42(5):781-805

Recently constructed concrete‐faced rockfill dams (CFRDs) often use soft inter‐slab joints to prevent axial compression‐induced extrusion damage in the concrete face. Due to the complexity of the multibody contact and the lack of information on the actual behavior of soft joints, it is highly challenging to numerically assess the effect of soft joints in CFRDs. In this paper, we present a numerical approach for the three‐dimensional modeling of CFRDs with hard and soft joints. A dual mortar finite element method with Lagrange multiplier is developed to treat the multibody contact in hard joints with impenetrability condition. The soft joint slab‐filler‐slab contact system is modeled using an equivalent contact interface approach, where the soft contact constraints are imposed using a perturbed Lagrange formulation. Through a series of laboratory tests, the mechanical behavior of soft joint is investigated. An extrusion model for the soft joint is presented and implemented in the dual mortar finite element method. The proposed numerical method is applied to the three‐dimensional analysis of Tianshengqiao‐1 CFRD. Despite the complex multibody contact and strong material and geometry nonlinearities in the CFRD, the proposed method is stable and capable of capturing salient characteristics of the CFRD. Numerical results show that in Tianshengqiao‐1, the employment of soft joints can effectively reduce the axial compression stress, thus greatly alleviating the risk of extrusion damage in the concrete face.  相似文献   

与花岗岩有关锡矿成岩成矿作用研究若干问题讨论   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

袁顺达  赵盼捞  刘敏 《矿床地质》2020,39(4):607-618

文章基于近年来大量典型锡矿床和成矿区带成岩成矿作用及高温高压实验研究成果,对锡矿成矿年代学、成矿花岗岩类型、物质来源、源区物质的熔融条件及锡在岩浆中的存在形式、熔体-流体相间分配行为及热液流体中的存在形式等方面的研究进展及存在问题进行了系统综述,指出:①锡石原位U-Pb测年已成为直接测定锡成矿年龄的有效手段,近年来发展起来的多种矿石矿物U-Pb测年方法与传统蚀变矿物测年方法的结合,将为研究锡多金属矿床多期次成矿作用叠加、矿集区内不同类型矿床成因联系及区域矿床组合模型的建立提供关键的年代学依据;②锡的富集成矿不仅与花岗质岩浆的高程度的结晶分异密切相关,而且受源区组成及部分熔融条件的制约;③全球锡多金属矿床的不均匀分布、与准铝质花岗岩有关锡矿的富集成矿机制以及各类复杂的锡-钨-铜-钼-铅-锌银多金属矿种组合差异及其金属元素富集机制亟待查明;④已有的关于锡在花岗质熔体、热液流体相中的存在形式及两相间的分配行为的高温高压实验结果受锡与贵金属容器间合金效应的影响,人工合成流体包裹体等新的实验方法的开发及XAS同步辐射和激光拉曼等原位分析技术的应用,将为研究花岗岩浆-热液过程锡的迁移、富集及沉淀成矿机制提供更为直接、可靠的实验依据。  相似文献